JUPITER

  ·         Jupiter is the largest planet of the solar system.

·         Jupiter is also known as winter planet as its average temperature is very low ((-148˚ C).

·         Ganymede, satellite of Jupiter is the largest satellite in the solar system.

SATURN

·         Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system.

·         Saturn has bright concentric rings which are made up of ice and ice covered dust particles which revolve around it.

·         Titan is the largest satellite o Saturn.

URANUS:

·         Uranus is about four times the size of the earth. This planet appears greenish in color because of methane gas percent in its atmosphere.

·         Uranus was discovered in1781. By sir William Hershel.

·         Uranus is the 7^th planet from the sun.

·         Uranus is the first planet to have been discovered by the use of a telescope. Uranus is the third biggest planet of the solar system.

·         Uranus is extremely cold having, surface temperature- 190˚C and is surrounded by 13 rings namely zeta (ʕ) / R 1986U2, 6, 5 4, alpha (α) , beta (β), eta (ε), gamma (γ), delta(  ) , lambda (λ), epsilon (ε), nu (v) and mu ( ).

·         Uranus rotates from east to west on its axis, which is opposite to other planets except Venus.

·         The axis of Uranus has large inclination so that it a appears to be lying down, hence it bears the name” a planet on its side”.

NEPTUNE

SOME NOTABLE FACTS ABOUT VAROUS

PLANETS AND SATELLITES

MERCURY

·         Mercury is the closest planet to the sun.

·         It is extremely hot planet.

·         The planet has no water on it.

·         Mercury planet has no gases like CO2, N2, H2, and O2 which can act as building blocks of life.

·         Mercury planet has not protective blanket like ozone around it to prevent us from harmful radiations.

VENUS

·         Venus is the second planet in distance from the sun. this planet is nearest to the earth and is also the brightest planet.

·         Venus is known as the “evening star” s well as “morning star”.

·         Venus is surrounded by a thick cloud saver, hence known as the “veiled planet’ (‘veil ‘means unclear/ cover).

·         Venus is like the earth in size and mass, and hence also known as the “earth’s twin”. It also rotates clockwise like Uranus.

·         Venus is the hottest planet (even hotter than mercury) of our solar system, due to its veil of cloud.

·         Venus has no water on it. There is no sufficient oxygen on the Venus

THE EARTH.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS

 ·         The eight planets have been divided into two groups. All the planets of a particular group have some common features; ‘terrestrial planets’ or ‘rocky planets and ‘’Jovian planets’ or ‘gaseous planets’ (gas giants) are the two groups of planets.

·         The four planets nearest to the sun –mercury, Venus, earth and mars are called terrestrial planets, because their structure is similar to the earth.

·         Other four planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are allied Jovian planets.

·         Planets are classified into the following two groups inner and outer planets. These are separated by asteroid belt:

INNER PLANETS	OUTER PLANETS
They include mercury, Venus, earth,	They include Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus Neptune etc.
They are nearest to the sun.	They are far away from the sun.
They are made up of dense metallic minerals.	They are made up of hot gases, mainly hydrogen and helium.
They move faster and have a shorter	They move rather slowly and have a longer period of revolution.
They have thin, rocky crust.	They are all gaseous bodies.
They have a mantle rich in iron and magnesium.	Made of gases.
They have a core of molten metals	They have ring systems around them
They have thin atmosphere
They have very few natural satellites (of moons() or no satellites.	They have a large numbers of natural satellites (or moons).

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MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

 THE SUN

·         The sun is at the centre of the solar system.

·         Its size is thirteen laky times as that of he earth.

·         It is the nearest star to the earth.

·         It is an ultimate source of energy for life one earth.

·         Its diameter is 14 lakshkms.

·         It is composed of 71% Hydrogen, 26% Helium and 2.5% other elements.

·         Hydrogen and Helium are the main gases present in the sun.

·         Within the sun, hydrogen is converted to helium due to nuclear fusion releasing a tremendous amount of heat and light.

·         It has a surface temperature of about 6000˚C.

·         Shining surface of the sun is called ph atmosphere, it appears like a duiscm, radiates energy and acts as a source of energy.

·         The outer layer of sun’s atmosphere made up of thin hot gases, is called corona, corona is visible only during a total eclipse of the sun (of with a special solar telescope called coronagraph).

·         The planet travels with the sun through millions of stars in our galaxy at a speed of about 70,000 km per hour.

·         The sun is about 150millionkms away from the earth.

·         Light (at speed of 300,000 km per second) takes about 8.5 minutes to reach the Earth from the sun.

THE PLANETS

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

·         The solar system consists of the sun, the eight planets and their satellites (or moons), and thousands of other smaller heavenly bodies such as asteroids, comets and meters.

·         The sun is at the center o f the solar system and all these bodies and revolving around it.

·         The gravitational pull of the sun keeps all the planets and other objects revolving round it. Thus, the motion of all the members of the solar system is governed mainly by the gravitational force of the sun.

·         Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbit.

·         In the solar system the planet nearest to the sunismercury and the planet farthest from the sum is Neptune (not Pluto).

·         The size of solar system has been estimated to at about 10⁵ A.U.

·         The solar system is dominated by the sun which accounts for almost 99.9% of the matter in the whole solar system.

·         The sun is also the soured of all the energy in the solar system.

·         Pluto is a dwarf planet.

·         Mercury, Venus, earth, mars are called terrestrial planets and Jupiter Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are called gaseous planets.

THE BIG BANG THEORY

·         All the matter in the unversed was originally concentrated lump called primeval atom.

·         Big bang was an explosion that occurred 15 billion years ago, leading to the formation of galaxies of stars and other heavenly bodies.

·         Since then, all the galaxies have been flying away from one another causing expansion of the universe.

STAR

·         Clumps of dust and gas in a nebula come together due to gravity and form stars.

·         Stars are made of hot burning gases.

·          They emit light of their own and are very large and very hot.

·         Light takes about 4.3years to reach us from the next nearest star proximal centaury. 

GEOGRAPHY

 ·         The universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists, including all physical matter and energy, the planets, stars, galaxies and the contents of intergalactic space.

·         The study of universe is known as cosmology.

 Cosmology = cosmos (universe) + logos (science)

·                      The universe has no limit.

GALAXY

·         A galaxy is a vast system of billions of stars, which also contains a large number of gas clouds (mainly of hydrogen gas) and dust, isolated in space from similar systems.

·         There are about 10 billion galaxies (10¹¹ galaxies) in the universe, and each galaxy has, on an average, 100 billion stars (10¹¹ stars). So, the total number of stars in the universe is 10²² stars.

·         The Milky Way galaxy is the home of the earth and our solar system. It is spiral in shape.

·         Milky way galaxy was formed 5 billion years after the big bang.

·         Latest known galaxy is the dwarf galaxy.

·         According to the modern thought, universe can be classified into two parts namely – (a) atmosphere and (b) space.

·         Origin of the universe is explained by the big bang. Theory formulated and proposed by the Belgian astronomer and cosmologist Georges Lemaitre.

·         Andromeda is our nearest galaxy.

IMPORTANT BATTLES

NAME OF THE BATTLE	YEAR	COUNTRIES INVOLVED
Battle of marathon	490 BC	Athenians and Persians. King darius of Persia defeated.
Battle of Thermopylae	480 BC	Spartans led by lemonades and Persians led by Xeroxes. Greeks defeated.
Battle of salamis	480 BC	Athenian fleet and Persian fleet in bay of salamis; Persian fleet defeated.
Battle of plateau	479 BC	Greek and Persians forces; Persian forces defeated.
Battle of Mycale	479 BC	Greek and persianfleets; Persian fleet defeated.
Spartan war I (Peloponnese war)	459 BC	Sparta and Athens lasted for 30 years.
Spartan war II	431 BC 421 BC	Sparta and Athens: Spartans victorious,
Battle of Arabia	331 BC	Greek and Persian forces; Greeks victorious.
Battle of Pharsalus	48 AD	Caesar defeated pompey.
Battle of Hastings	1066	William, the duke of Normandy defeated Harold, the king of England. England came under the control of Normans.
Hundred – year war	1338 - 1453	Fought between France and England the cause of the war was the succession question to the throne of France which h was claimed by edard III of England. The war was resumed heroism of Joan of arc – ‘country girls
War of the roses	1455- 1483	Civil war in England; the cause of the war was a struggle for the throne of England between the two royal houses of Lancaster and York
Anglo – Spanish war (spenish armada war)	1588	Spanish and English fleets fought in the English channel; the English fleet under lord Howard defeated of the Spanish armada.
Battle of Gibraltar	1607	The Dutch defeated the Spanish and Portuguese.
Thirty – year war	1618 - 1649	Between cavaliers (king Charles I supporters) and forces of parliament led by Oliver Cromwell, king Charles I executed.
Battle of Blenheim	1704	England and Austria headed by Marlborough
War of Austrian  succession	1740 – 1748	Queen of austral, Maria Theresa (daughter of Charles VII) was challenged by king Frederick II of Prussia. England supported the queen and Frederick II was helped by France. Ended with a treaty which recognized the queen’s right to the throne after the death of king Frederick.
Seven – year war (angle – French war III)	1756- 1763 1798 1805	Britain and France against Austria and Prussia; the Britain   victorious. British fleet defeated fleets of France and Spain. British fleets were commanded by admiral nelson, who was killed during the battle.
Battle of Austerlitz	1805	Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia on one side and France on the other. Napoleon (France) defeated Austria and Russia.
Battle of Borodino	1912	Between France and Russia. Napoleon invaded Russia at Borodino, and nearly defeated the Russians. However on reaching Moscow, his army suffered heavy losses and was forced to retreat. Napoleons’ ill-fated attack on Russia marked the beginning of the downfall of the French empire.
Battle of Leipzig	1813	Germany and combined forces of Austria, Prussia and Russia, defeated napoleon.
Battle of waterloo	1815	British forces led by duke of wellington (sir Arthur Wellesley) defeated French forces led by napoleon; napoleon was captured and exiled to st. Helena where he died in 1821.
First opium war	1840 1856	The combined forces of the British, French and Turks defeated Russia.
Sino – Japanese war	1894 - 1895	Japan defeated china and occupied Formosa and Korea.
Battle of Omdurman	1898	The revolt of Transvaal Boers was suppressed by the British forces. Boers belonged to Dutch of abolition of slavery by Britain.
Boer war	1899 - 1901	The revolt of Transvaal Boers was suppressed by the British forces. Boers belonged to Dutch protestant stock who opposes britishers because of abolition of slavery by Britain.
Russo – Japanese war(battle of port Arthur  & battle of yalu)	1904 - 1905	Russia and Japan in the sea of Japan. Russia defeated; it led the wave of the idea of Asian resurgence.
Balkan war II	1912	Invasion of Serbia and Greece by Bulgaria. Bulgaria was defeated by combined forces of Serbia, Greece, Rumania, and Montenegro who stripped turkey of most of its European territories.
World war I	1914 - 1918	Central powers (Germany and its allies) against the allied powers (Britain and its allies); central power were defeated. Famous battles: 2.first battle of Marne (1914) – France defeated germane. 2. Battle of just land (1916)- naval battle between England and germane. England defeated Germany. 3. Battle of Verdun (1916) – fought between France & Germany. 4. Second battle of Marne (1918) – France defeated Germany. (See details on page (156).
World war II	1939 - 1945	Axis powers (Germany and its allies against the allied powers (Britain and its allies); axis powers were defeated. Famous battle; battle of Ei Alamein(1942 )- the allies victory during the world war II and retract of general Rommel’s forces.  (see details onpage 163).

  

ABBREVIATED OR ALTERNATIBVE NAMES

ABBREVIATED OR ALTERNATIVE NAME	ORIGINAL NAME
Apostle of free trade	Richard Cobden
bangabandhu	Sheikh mujibur ragman
Bard of Avon	Shakespeare
Desert fox	Gen. Rommel
Father of English poetry	Geoffrey Chaucer
fuehrer	Adult Hitler
G.B.S.	George Bernard Shaw
Grand old man of Britain	Gladstone
Great commoner	Pitt, the younger
Ike	Deisenhofer
Iron duke, the	Duke of wellington
King maker	Earl of Warwick
Lady of the lamp	Florence nightingale
linkman	Pearl buck
Little corporal	Napoleon
Maiden queen	Elizabeth I
Maid of Orleans	John of arc
Man of blood and iron	Bismarck
Man of destiny	Napoleon
Mark twain	Samuel Clemens
Scourge of god	Chengiz khan
Uncle ho	Ho chi minh
Voltaire	Francois Marie arouet de
Wizard of the north	Sir Walter  Scott.

ASSOCIATION OF PLACES

PLACE	ASSOCIATED WITH
Corsica	Napoleon Bonaparte
Hiroshima	Dropping of first atom bomb
Jerusalem	Jesus Christ
Macedonia	Alexander, the great
Mecca	Prophet Muhammad
Medina	Prophet Muhammad
Pearl harbor	Japan’s attack during world war II
St. Helena	Napoleon Bonaparte
Trafalgar	Nelson
Waterloo	Napoleon Bonaparte